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All roads lead to Rome

All roads lead to Rome

Sheltered by the ramparts

Sheltered by the ramparts

Belleforest's map of Paris

Belleforest's map of Paris

Pont Neuf

Pont Neuf

Paris, an open-plan city

Paris, an open-plan city

Haussmann: Minister of Paris

Haussmann: Minister of Paris

Everything's connected!

Everything's connected!

Rue Passagère

Rue Passagère

In a roundabout fashion...

In a roundabout fashion...

Lining the streets

Lining the streets

Processions

Processions

From the League to the Fronde

From the League to the Fronde

Taking to the streets

Taking to the streets

Forward march!

Forward march!

The resilient Republic!

The resilient Republic!

Let the party begin!

Let the party begin!

The Boulevard of Crime

The Boulevard of Crime

The carnival

The carnival

Industrious street life

Industrious street life

Colporteurs

Colporteurs

The central market

The central market

Paving the way...

Paving the way...

It's a dirty job...

It's a dirty job...

Standing firm

Standing firm

Let there be light!

Let there be light!

Sleep soundly, good people!

Sleep soundly, good people!

The beat goes on...

The beat goes on...

The central market

Cities needed to organize their provisions to cope with population growth. Feeding the city was a business that employed a lot of people within the city walls, since all food was prepared on the spot. Bread and meat were the staples. Butchers were one of the first professional bodies created. Animals arrived on foot and were slaughtered near rivers to make it easier to dispose of the waste. Wheat and wine were brought in by boat.

In addition to the traders, porters and unloaders, the markets attracted other less savory characters who also worked the street: thieves, crooks, informers, beggars and prostitutes.

The Fat and the Thin

All along the footways on both sides of the road there were still many market gardeners, with other small growers from the environs of Paris, who displayed baskets containing their "gatherings" of the previous evening—bundles of vegetables and clusters of fruit. Whilst the crowd incessantly paced hither and thither, vehicles barred the road; and Florent, in order to pass them, had to press against some dingy sacks, like coal-sacks in appearance, and so numerous and heavy that the axle-trees of the vans bent beneath them. They were quite damp, and exhaled a fresh odor of seaweed. From a rent low down in the side of one of them a black stream of big mussels was trickling.

Florent and Claude had now to pause at every step. The fish was arriving and one after another the drays of the railway companies drove up laden with wooden cages full of the hampers and baskets that had come by train from the sea coast. And to get out of the way of the fish drays, which became more and more numerous and disquieting, the artist and Florent rushed amongst the wheels of the drays laden with butter and eggs and cheese, huge yellow vehicles bearing colored lanterns, and drawn by four horses. The market porters carried the cases of eggs, and baskets of cheese and butter, into the auction pavilion, where clerks were making entries in note books by the light of the gas. Claude was quite charmed with all this uproar, and forgot everything to gaze at some effect of light, some group of blouses, or the picturesque unloading of a cart. At last they extricated themselves from the crowd.

Extract from "The Fat and the Thin" (Le Ventre de Paris) by Emile Zola, translated by Ernest Alfred Vizetelly

Les Halles and Rue de la Tonnellerie
Giuseppe Canella (the Elder)

Giuseppe Canella was born in Verona, Italy, in 1788, where his father worked as a stage designer. He came to France in 1823, following the Austrian ambassador. He stayed in the country for nine years, traveling through Normandy (Place de la Haute-Vieille-Tour, Rouen, 1824) and Alsace, where he painted mainly landscapes.

In Paris, he was captivated by life around the central market, Les Halles, which Napoleon I wanted to transform by erecting huge buildings.

This otherwise unremarkable picture shows the importance Canella attached to architecture. He appears to have been greatly interested by the field, and it is as a painter of architecture that he made a name for himself in Milan, where he lived. He died in 1847 in Florence.

Les Halles and Rue de la Tonnellerie

© RMN / Agence Bulloz